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The Greek communities of Asia Minor, centred on Smyrna and Erythraia and, at its other edge, Constantinople, developed a rich urban and folk music played on violin, santouri, oud, kanonaki and toumbeleki. Typical dances were the zeibekiko, karsilamas, tsifteteli, ballos and the syrtos, with improvisation, partners facing each other and rhythms such as 9/8 and 2/4. The refugees of 1922 brought this tradition to Greek cities, where it deeply shaped rebetiko.

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